Global Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Expansion - Essay Example There has been a considerable growth in globalization in the last decade. Trade and investments across borders have increased greatly that has helped shaping the economies of various nations. It has become highly important for organizations to remain transparent, comparable and reliable in terms of providing financial information. Globalization impacts international accounting in terms of the flow of capital. This increases issues relating to harmonizing global standards. Moreover, globalization has helped emerging economies such as, that of India and China, to participate in the global economy. This further increases the flow of capital as economic opportunities are developed. Maintaining adequate accounting records becomes a challenge for most organizations due to the conflicting accounting policies of the different nations and of regulatory authority. The requirement of universally acceptable rules in respect of accounting becomes essential. In general multinational firms follow t he IFRS principles. Considerable efforts are taken by different regulatory authorities to reduce the gap between the IFRS principles and the accounting regulations imposed by different nations and the US GAAP. Research questions are the identification of the main motive behind a research and what a researcher expects to learn from the same. Research questions hep to give direction to the study and helps maintaining a proper structure in the report. The research questions identified for conducting this research are as follows. The research has been conducted on the basis of qualitative studies. The study was conducted by secondary data collection technique. Information was collected from different journals and books for analysing the subject of study. The pattern of analysis followed in this research was largely the case study method. Case study method

A Description of Cultural Patterns Essay Example for Free

A Description of Cultural Patterns Essay Cultural patterns are described as the preferred set of responses to different life situations. According to Kluckhohn and Strodbeck’s description of cultural patterns there are 5 dimensions or elements that address the manner in which a culture orients itself to activities, social relations, the self, the world and the passage of time. In the following reflection I will identify each one of these dimensions with the cultural patterns shown in my country. Starting with the activity orientation, which defines how the people of a culture view human actions and the expression of self through activities, we can identify the Puerto Rican culture as a â€Å"becoming† one. A â€Å"becoming† orientation refers to people who are predisposed to think of ways to change themselves as a means of changing the world. Although I do not fully agree on this identifying the Puerto Rican culture, I do agree on other views that the â€Å"becoming† cultures have toward work and play. For example Puerto Ricans do not have a â€Å"clear-cut† separation between work and their social lives. Often you can go into an office and find employees chatting with each other, talking with relatives over the phone or talking about their private lives in a business meeting. The Puerto Rican culture is more relaxed in terms of work compared to the Mexican, Colombian or European American culture, we specifically work for a means to an end and appreciate every second of our leisure time. The social relations dimension describes how the people in a culture organize themselves and refer to one another. In Puerto Rico the degree of importance we place on formality has changed through the years as different generations modify the way we address people. For example teenagers often refer to their elders as â€Å"you† instead of â€Å"sir† or they will say to someone who is serving them â€Å"give me† instead of â€Å"may I have†. The Puerto Rican culture generally does not give much importance to tittles, as they believe that relationships best develop when those involved can address informally to one another. Another thing that cultural patterns prescribe are the social interactions people have between them. In the Puerto Rican culture we have African heritage so it’s no surprise when both our cultures prefer indirectness in conversations with other people of our country but do not require an intermediary to do so. Generally, people in Puerto Rico will â€Å"sugar coat† demands or favors in conversations as a way to ask for something but in a indirect approach so the person won’t perceive us as rude or ill mannered. The self-orientation of cultural patterns describes how people’s identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions, and the kinds people who are valued and respected. Puerto Ricans can easily associate with each other, as our individual self-definition is very similar. On the contrary of the European American culture, Puerto Ricans make decisions for their children based on traditions, values and what they believe to be best for them. Although individuals make their own decisions as they mature and grow up when we evaluate from a group perspective it can be said that there is a heightened sense of interdependence and what happens to the group happens to the person. An example of this can be shown in cultural linguistic tendencies, as individuals modify their usual language others do so as well; also the fact that when national catastrophes occur everyone feels identified with the loss or the pain of the others. Because Puerto Rico is such a small island it is almost predictable that individuals can associate their identity with others from the same country even if there is a social status, age, town etc. aspect that differs between them. One of the most interesting dimensions is the world orientation, which tells people how to allocate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature and other living things. As we know Puerto Rico has different heritages because of the cultures that have influenced us trough the colonizing process, so it is not strange that our spirituality relates mostly to the European American beliefs. The general belief in our culture is that human beings can prevent, postpone or overcome natural events such as earthquakes by making buildings stronger, finding cures for illnesses and prolonging the time of death of a sick person. As technology constantly â€Å"improves† individuals believe they have the power to control nature instead of nature controlling them. Despite the fact that we are most influenced by this belief we still have the Latino influence which leads us to believe that we will be measured by our actions in the spiritual world where our souls will rest. The final approach of these cultural patterns is the time orientation, which can be defined as the way individuals conceptualize time. The cultural frame to which the Puerto Ricans relate is the Latino; even though we do not think time is endless we don’t take time as seriously. That is the reason why people are constantly late for everything, from a birthday party to work and even to Sunday mass. Time is mostly seen as ongoing and useful to maintain order, but not of the utmost importance. Analyzing these cultural patterns one can have a more accurate sense of how culture determines the identity of a country and how things like the importance of work and social time can influence so deeply the way a whole culture behaves. Also it gives you the opportunity to compare and contrast with other countries and learn how other people can have a completely different share of values and see life in such a contrasting way. Most importantly I believe that by studying these cultural patterns one can be more sensible to other people’s needs and have more respect for their culture instead of wanting to impose ours.

A Figurative Ad :: Advertising Media Essays

A Figurative Ad Advertisements display many examples of ethos, pathos, and logos. Many ads use celebrities and direct emotional appeals toward their audience. The ad I will be talking about is a figure skater endorsing a watch and demonstrating ethos and pathos. Overall, the advertisement is useful and effective when displaying ethos and pathos. Envision a one page advertisement that has enough information to understand what product is being sold. The first thing to draw attention to the eyes is the division of color. The top third of the ad has a black background and the bottom is a white/gray color. In the black part of the ad are a woman’s head and hands. She is looking in to your line of vision and it is clear she is holding her hands up in front of her body but, they appear to be behind because her head is turned toward whoever is looking at the ad. Then, I was drawn to look at the small print underneath her face and the words ‘Sasha Cohen, champion figure skater’ are found. It turns out that the woman in the ad is Sasha Cohen, a famous figure skater. The next part of the advertisement is underneath the black portion containing Sasha Cohen and it shows a watch and lettering. On the page, this watch is so big; it is bigger than the skater’s head. The watch is gold and silver colored with some diamonds on the rim. Clearly this watch is expensive and fashionable. After viewing Sasha Cohen and the watch, the eyes are drawn to read about the product. Beside the watch in the same very small black print used below Sasha Cohen, it says ‘ECO-DRIVE Riva.’ To get a full understanding of the product you have to look at a column of words found on the right side of the ad. In this order, are printed the words ‘UNSTOPPABLE.’ Below that in black and less bold words is ‘SASHA COHEN IS. So is her citizen Eco-Drive.’ ‘Fueled by light, it never needs a battery.’ ‘IT’S UNSTOPPABLE. Just like the people who wear it.’ All these groups of sentences are put together on the ad a nd appear vertically as you read. Then below, you see a symbol of the Citizen Eco-Drive watch and the name below and below that contact information. Now that you have the main visual of the ad, I will explain why this ad demonstrates both ethos and pathos.

Managing User Accounts In Linux Essay

Linux’s most notable advantage over other operating systems such as Windows and Mac is security and in order for a user to modify critical components of the system, such as user accounts, is to have access rights of a ROOT. The root is at the top level of Linux’s user hierarchy and has all the privileges to access all resources. To login as root, a user must use the command su username. After pressing the ENTER key, the system will prompt the user to type in the corresponding password. After entering the correct password, the user will inherit full access privileges including the right to modify other user’s account information. Attempting to enter the correct password will deny the user from inheriting the root’s privileges. # su – [screenshot] Let us now attempt to create a new user called ‘bozo’. But first, let us check if that username is not yet taken. # id bozo [screenshot] Since username bozo is still available we can now create his user account. # useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We have just created a username called bozo and makes his default folder under /home/bozo and gave him the UID of 600. by the way, UID’s are unique identifiers of users. Users can be a representation of both human users and services running in the Linux system. UID’s are used by Linux in relation to his password and privilege information stored in the /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group. One of the very first thing Linux does when creating a new user is to copy the files from the skeleton folder, which contains whatever files the admin wants to give to new users, into the newly created user’s folder. Now, let us try to take a look at those files by displaying a detailed listing of files including hidden ones. # ls –la /home/skel/ So far so good. Now let us try creating another user and call her bozoette. # useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We had an error. As stated earlier, UID’s are unique. Since we attempted to create a user and assigned the same UID with bozo, the system denied our request. But what if we do want give bozoete the UID #600? One of the many ways to do it is to first change bozo’s UID, say 601 and then create bozoette’s user account using the newly-vacant UID of 600. Change bozo’s UID from 600 to 601. # id bozo # usermod -u 601 bozo # id bozo Then create bozoette’s new account with UID 600. # useradd bozoette -d /home/bozoette -u 600 Now we have two new users bozo(uid:601) and bozoette(uid:600) with user directories /home/bozo and /home/bozoette, respectively. Note that user accounts remain inactive until a password is assigned to them. Let us now activate the two new user accounts by assigning passwords to them. # passwd bozo # passwd bozoette Users bozo and bozoette are now active and users can now login to the system using the correct username and password combinations for the accounts. REFERENCES Linux Headquarters. Adduser: Adding A New User. Advanced Horizons. Linux Users. Mario P. Free November 28, 2007. Tutorial @HowTo. fm. Command Line User Management. Notaras, George. 6 November 2005. G-Loaded! User management from the command line

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology

Good afternoon everyone. The topic for our debate is that technology is making us less alienated, more sociable and more human. We, the negative team believe this statement is true. The first speaker Lily of the affirmative team has tried to tell you that†¦ this is wrong because†¦ the second speaker Lin of the affirmative team has tried to tell you that†¦ this is wrong because†¦ the third speaker of the affirmative team Moha has tried to tell you that†¦ this is wrong because†¦ our first speaker Bob has told you that†¦ he also spoke to you about†¦ our second speaker MB has told you that†¦ e lso spoke to you about†¦ our third speaker Ahemed has told you that †¦ he also spoke to you about†¦ so, in conclusion, our team†¦. We cannot escape from the absolute need of technology in our daily life. We are so dependent on technology that we cannot do without them. Starting from computers to keeping fit, we require technology at e very step. Technology helps us to keep in touch with people who are away from us. We use the telephones and computers to talk to them and even see them. Our daily office work is also technology based. No longer do people use the pen and paper to complete their work.We maintain our health by going to the gyms. There are machines in the gym which help us reduce our weight and keep fit. The use of technology has made our life comfortable. We cannot think of a life sans technology. We get to keep a lot of information in a small device and use it when we like. Cars have also become better with the use of technology. Thus technology is undeniably an important of our life. Communication has been made easier for example the internet has brought email and chatting facilities. Instead of sending letters to respective destinations, it is very easy to send an email which will be received instantly.

Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay Essays

Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay Essays Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay Paper Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay Paper The survey is entitled Combined solution of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) . Specifically. it sought to happen out how these two solutions ( lemon grass and Allium sativum ) can efficaciously kill mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe step in handling the copiousness of mosquito. Ideally. the researcher’s survey promotes a tandem between scientific discipline and creation’s preservation. The stuffs composing the solution were 40 milliliter of the combined solution of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) and Garlic ( Allium sativum ) . The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being sprayed utilizing a specific commercial pesticide. On the other manus. the control group was being sprayed utilizing the organic mosquito slayer. Datas were collected to garner relevant information. In the visible radiation of the findings of the survey. it was found out that the solution composition of 40 mL solution of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) infusion can kill mosquitoes in a short span of clip compared with the commercial 1. It took merely _________before the mosquitoes died. Chapter I Mosquitos are vector agents that carry disease doing viruses and parasites that lead to dangerous diseases from one individual to individual without catching the disease themselves. It prefers people over others. The discriminatory victim’s perspiration merely smells better than others because of the proportions of the C dioxide and other compounds that make up the organic structure olfactory property. A big portion of the mosquito’s sense of odor is devoted to whiffing out human marks. Mosquitos are estimated to convey disease to more than 700 million people yearly in Africa. South America. Central America. Mexico. and much of Asia with 1000000s of ensuing deceases. At least 2 million people yearly die of these diseases. Today. non merely our whole state. Philippines. but besides the full universe is confronting immense jobs in relation to the copiousness of mosquitoes in the community. In fact. many options and methods such as different sorts of drugs. vaccinums. insect powders. cyberspaces and repellents are now discovered and created in order to eliminate mosquitoes. prevent diseases. and protect persons. We opted to do this survey to prosecute an alternate organic agent of mosquito obliteration. The consequence of this survey is to suggest an alternate but organic and safe solution in handling the copiousness of mosquito in our vicinity. Furthermore. this aimed to significantly assist the occupants who are greatly affected by these mosquitoes in a manner that this survey will supply them a new avenue in handling the great figure of mosquitoes. This survey entitled Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) as Mosquito Killer is aimed to cognize the insecticidal consequence of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus on mosquitoes in footings of: a. How effectual is the Garlic ( Alium sativum ) and Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) ? B. What is the compared clip continuance of the commercial merchandise and experimental merchandise? The survey hypothesized that the combined solution of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon Citratus ) is more likely effectual than commercial merchandise on mosquitoes in footings of the figure of mosquitoes that will decease. The behavior of this survey is important in decreasing the figure of mosquitoes all over the state. This would widen an alternate solution for everybody spend less sum of money in handling the copiousness of mosquitoes here in our vicinity and therefore cooperation and resourcefulness will chiefly be observed by the people. Specifically. this will convey benefits to the followers: Government. This would supply the authorities a new avenue in decreasing the figure of mosquitoes. The stuffs that will be used are recycled and organic in which their handiness is easy utilised and hence they will pass less sum of money in intervention for the copiousness of mosquitoes in the society. Residents. This survey raises the consciousness degree of occupants in our state. They would be able to anticipate the importance of being resourceful of the things in our milieus. This survey focused on the insecticidal consequence of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) andLemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) on mosquitoes. The stuffs used were merely gathered around the researchers’ family. The probe utilized 6 mosquitoes that were placed in a crystalline container. Mosquito. From the Spanish or Lusitanian significance small fly is a common insect in the household Culicidate ( from the Latin culex significance midge or gnat ) . Mosquitoes resemble Crane flies ( household Tupilidae ) and chironomid flies ( household Chironomidae ) . with which they are sometimes confused by the insouciant perceiver. Organic. Any member of a big category of chemical compounds whose molecules contain C. Geraniol. A monoterpenoid and an alco0hol. It is the primary portion of rose oil. palmarosa oil. and citronella oil ( Java type ) . It besides occurs in little measures in geranium. lemon. and many other indispensable oils. Solution. A homogeneous mixture composed of two substances. Erradicate. Get rid of something wholly. Insecticide. A chemical substance used to kill insects. Chapter II Allium sativum outputs allicin. an antibiotic and fungicidal compound ( phytoncide ) . It has been claimed that it can be used as a place redress to assist rush recovery from pharynx or other minor complaints because of its antibiotic belongingss. It besides contains the sulfur-contaning compounds alliin. ajoene. diallylsulfide. dithiin. S-allylcysteine. and enzymes. vitamin B. proteins. minerals. saponins. flavonoids. and maillard reaction merchandises which are non-sulfur incorporating compounds. Furthermore a phytoalexin called allixin was found. suppressing skin tumour formation. Herein. allixin and/or its parallels may be expected utile compounds for malignant neoplastic disease bar or chemotherapy agents for other diseases. The composing of the bulbs is about 84. 09 % H2O. 13. 38 % organic affair. and 1. 53 % inorganic affair. while the foliages are 87. 14 % H2O. 11. 27 % organic affair. and 1. 59 % inorganic affair. Fresh C. citratus grass contains about 0. 4 % volatile oil. The oil contains 65 % to 85 % citral. a mixture of 2 geometric isomers. geraniol and neral. Related compounds geraniol. geranic acid. and nerolic acid have besides been identified. More than a twelve of other minor fragrant constituents were besides found. Research has shown geraniol to be an effectual plant-based mosquito repellent. Another popular theory is that consuming garlic can supply protection against mosquitoes. A University of Connecticut survey examined this claim with a randomized. double-blinded. placebo-controlled crossing over survey. The informations didn’t provide grounds of important mosquito repellence. However. capable merely consumed garlic one time. and the research workers say that more drawn-out consumption may be needed. There are besides other natural mosquito repellents that are being researched like the Fennel. Thyme. Clove oil. Celery infusion. Neem oil. Vitamin B1. Biopesticide insect repellents ( sometimes called â€Å"natural† . â€Å"botanical† or â€Å"plant-based† ) has been proven to be every bit effectual as those incorporating man-made chemical 4 compounds like DEET. Remember. nevertheless. that â€Å"natural† doesn’t ever intend safe. so you should utilize plant-based insect repellents every bit carefully as any other. With the literature presented above. it can be seen that the survey has some bearing capablenesss and belongingss to other work in the sense that it tackles the capacity of some organic stuffs such garlic juice and lemon grass oil as effectual mosquito repellent. Chapter III Materials: Blender Spray bottle Used Cloth Plastic containers Knife Garlic Lemongrass Grater Measuring cup General Procedure Preparation of the Solution Materials were foremost gathered before the behavior of the experiment Cymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum were extracted utilizing a used fabric. The infusion of each ingredient was stored for two yearss. Then. both ingredients were measured to the coveted sum. The set up was composed of 20 milliliters Cymbopogon citratus infusion and 20 ML Allium sativum infusion. Application of the Solution After fixing the experimental set up. the solution was being sprayed on the container with mosquitoes. Each set up was composed of two tests. The clip it took before the mosquitoes died was observed and recorded Chapter IV This chapter presents the informations and observations obtained from the experimentation. Furthermore. it shows the treatments that support the underlying jobs under probe. Table1. Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) as Moquito slayer The tabular array above shows the comparing of Experimental Setup and Control Setup holding the same and equal mass upon using the solution to the mosquitoes. Table 2. The clip it took before the mosquitoes died. Test Time Experimental Setup Control Setup Average The informations above show that the solution composed of 40 milliliters Cymbopogon citratus infusion and 40 milliliter Allium sativum infusion has the capacity to kill mosquitoes with the minimal clip of merely 2. 36 proceedingss. Chapter V This chapter presents the drumhead. decision and recommendation of the survey under probe. Summary The survey focused on doing an alternate agent of eliminating great figure of mosquitoes. Specifically. it sought to happen out the insecticidal consequence ofCymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum on mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe step in handling the copiousness of mosquito. Ideally. our survey would advance a tandem between scientific discipline and creation’s preservation. The solution’s composing provided a simple how-to ways help people eradicate great figure of mosquitoes in the vicinity. The stuffs composing the solution were 40 milliliter Cymbopogon citratus infusion and 40 milliliter Allium sativumextract. The set up was composed of two tests. The solution was being sprayed on the containers with mosquitoes. Datas were collected to garner relevant information. From the experimentation. it was found out that the solution composition of 40 milliliters Cymbopogon citratus infusion and 40 milliliter Allium Sativum infusion is effectual mosquito slayer. It merely took 2. 45 proceedingss before the mosquito died. Decision Arriving at our consequences and end products. we came up that Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) and Garlic ( Allium sativum ) are effectual mosquito slayer. It merely takes at least 2. 45 proceedingss before the effects will be observed. Recommendation From the probe. the research workers would wish to urge this survey to the pupils who would prosecute the Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and Cymbopogon citratus ( Lemongrass ) as Mosquito Killer to happen other insects in which the solution is applicable and behavior farther survey on the use of the solution.

Is college a waste of money and time Professor Ramos Blog

Is college a waste of money and time College is something were all told is necessary to obtain a good career. Most people that have good careers seem to have college degrees. While having a college degree is appealing to most employers not every career requires one. College can be very expensive and take up a ton of time in your day. Most people who get college degrees end up with debt and frustrated about the debt they put themselves in. College students who work and go to school have the hardest time because they have to balance work with school.  Finding time to do school work is hard enough, but all students have it hard. Full time students have to dedicate their days to school work, and  tons of homework. Many students  spend hours doing schoolwork and may not even pass their classes, which cost them money. Books, laptop, parking pass, fees for  taking classes and other things cost students lots of money.  College however does have  quite a bit of benefits. As I stated earlier many good careers require a college degree. Depending on the level of degree you have the better career you can get. Just because people have debt after college doesnt mean they cant pay it off. After all the better the career the more money you make. College is for people who have the dedication and time to get a college degree. Those who put in the time  get the college degree put it to good use by going into a variety of careers. College is either a waste of time or it isnt. There is always good with the bad, but at the end of the day college  is a choice you  can make, you can choose to go or not to. 70% of college students who graduate have debt. The student debt has reached over 1 trillion dollars, and isnt slowing down. Americans with a  four-year college degree made 98% percent more an hour on average in 2013 than people without a degree. That’s up from 89% percent five years earlier, 85% percent a decade earlier and 64% percent in the early 1980s. A paper written by Mr. Autor states that a college degree cost negative 500,000 dollars. This means that if you dont go to college your missing out on 500,000 dollars you could have made if you had a college degree. Mr. Autor states that over the long run college is  cheaper than free. The hourly wage for  college graduates  has  only risen 1% over the past decade,  to $32.60 an hour. Those without a college degree make on average $16.50 an hour. Discussion Questions: Is college worth all of the money you put into it? Why are you going to college? Is a degree worth putting in the time for? Is College Worth It? Students Can Calculate the Payoff  · Giving Compass givingcompass.org|700 Ãâ€" 394 jpeg|Image may be subject to copyright. Name: Justin Juarez Date: 11-4-18

The Administrative Assistant Every Boss Wants

The Administrative Assistant Every Boss Wants CareerStep offers some must-see strategies for becoming the admin assistant that your boss dreams about having. Just follow these simple rules for success and consider it done!Great administrative assistants know that the key to success on the job lies in putting together a solid work plan- one that shows that every detail, appointment, meeting, and task has been carefully considered, organized, and managed. It should also be flexible enough to deal with all those unexpected changes that can, and will, arise when least expected. Consider this your blueprint for success!You’ll also need a core set of soft skills that will empower you to capably crush any â€Å"to do† list and turn any anxiety-filled â€Å"What do I do?† to a confident â€Å"What’s next?†. Any great admin worth his or her desk pencils understands the need to be a patient, positive, and goal-focused force of nature no matter how upset, frustrated, or irrational the boss is behaving. A solid plan, open communication, and a good attitude will help you prevail in most situations. Besides, what boss wouldn’t swoon in the face of a calm, cool, and collected assistant who helps to safely pilot their plane during heavy turbulence?Here’s the best part: These essential survival skills for becoming the perfect admin assistant won’t just bring you success and accolades at work. They’ll help you nail every aspect of your life- from getting all of your important errands done to setting and achieving goals for the future and everything in between. It’s true- thinking and behaving like an administrative assistant will help you improve your entire life!Office Survival Skills for Administrative AssistantsRead More at www.careerstep.com

Impact of Social Networking Evaluation on Travel Websites Essay

Impact of Social Networking Evaluation on Travel Websites - Essay Example The essay "Impact of Social Networking Evaluation on Travel Websites" talks about the research proposal in terms of social networks usage such as MySpace, Facebook, Cyworld and Bebo to promote the travel websites. As a response to changing business environments and to remain competitive, businesses have made investments in IT projects Travel businesses need to invest in IT to face the competition as well to give tough times to its rivals. For example, "fitfortravel" is a website that has been developed by the National Health Service, Scotland for the provision of travel health information for people traveling abroad from the UK. The site has gained immense popularity as travelers find the information provided highly valuable. Illume et al. suggested the potential of virtual communities in tourism research. Enhancing value creation and a creation of brand identity were prerequisites in the creation of social networks in tourism. The advent of â€Å"Web 2.0† has led to a series of new web service. Social Networking has benefited from new internet technologies and new user behavior to become the poster child of web services. Questions on social sites include how they create value for users and how users capture it. Studies have examined revenue generation on social network sites through advertising, subscription and transaction models. Key value drivers include user volume, willingness to pay, trust in peers and the platform. Perceived reciprocity is a pre-requisite for committed relationship and avoiding negative consequences

Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer by Rembrandt Essay

Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer by Rembrandt - Essay Example The essay "Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer by Rembrandt" analyzes Rembrandt van Rijn's "Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer". The painting depicts that Homer is blind, with his eyes brown voids, which guide the eye into a deep darkness. The sightless eyes of Homer’s bust are innocent and profound, which depicts his face being humble and weak and wearing a simple shift. Aristotle’s eyes are black, and they look wanly, like he knows too much. It makes the viewer feel that time has collapsed, and the viewer is directly communicating with the philosopher the way he communes with Homer. Alexander the Great is depicted in a medallion that hangs from a golden chain in Aristotle neck, of whom he had tutored. It can be noted that Aristotle is contemplating the worldly success worthiness, which is material rewards, as opposed to upholding spiritual values. The gesticulates of the hands, depicted by the sleeves that have cascaded and the show that is playing over t he brow and eyes of Aristotle support the previous interpretation that he does not care about the spiritual values. The paint was painted for Antonio Ruffo, who was great Sicilian collector who also referred the comparison of touch and sight by Aristotle. The bust of Home portrait can be referred to as a legendary figure that comes from three centuries earlier. Therefore, it depicts that Aristotle is contemplating on a portrait that depicts a remote past. The artist wants to acknowledge that to some degree any portrait is a fiction.

Leadership Skills in 21st Century Health Care Research Proposal

Leadership Skills in 21st Century Health Care - Research Proposal Example The clinics that offer both general and specialist health care are mostly for Medicaid recipients. There is a wide middle class of patients without coverage-they make too much for Medicaid and are not old enough for Medicare. Even if they are eligible for Medicare, it does not cover all their health needs. Problem Statement: With so many areas of U.S. health care in commercial chaos at present, it is necessary for leadership to include all members of their organizations in decision making. Only with a leader willing to take advantage of what staff offers can a working relationship be established. Another problem area in health care is a better understanding of the needs and wants of consumers. The most apparent issues in health care at present are related to Medicare, Children's Health Care Insurance Program (SCHIP), and Health Information Technology (HIT). Literature Review and Research Design: In the upcoming elections, health care is a major issue. Studies showing current statistics of the number of people who do not have health insurance and the overcrowded conditions in public clinics can be found on the Internet. As for leadership in health care, the need for cooperation is evident in articles and past discussions of what makes a good leader, again on the Internet.

Net Neutrality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Net Neutrality - Essay Example The ISPs do claim a right for creating a tiered Internet, which the opponents claim is discrimination and impacts negatively on the neutrality of the Internet. By creating a tiered Internet service all that the ISPs are doing is creating a differential pricing dependant on what flows through their pipes. This is akin to the US Postage Service, where there is a difference in cost of mailing a postcard and sending a heavy parcel like a bicycle. If such a tiered service was not there the cost of mailing a postcard would go up several times making it unaffordable for many. The principles of a free market call for allowing business enterprises to charge varying prices for different services, and demanding that there be legislation to make restrict this is unfair to the business enterprises involved in providing Internet Services. Demands for net neutrality are therefore unfair to the ISPs and for many of the ordinary users of the Internet. Innovation within the Internet is a requirement for its development, of not the Internet, is likely to stagnate at current levels. ISPs innovate to develop the Internet so that they can remain competitive. It is through these innovations that new features and services become available to the Internet users. Net neutrality hinders such innovation and new features, which come at a cost to the ISPs. So calling for net neutrality is tantamount to calling for the stagnation of the Internet. Preserving net neutrality lacks credibility for it will lead to extra costs for the ordinary users.

Pursuing a PhD Degree in the Information Technology Field Essay

Pursuing a PhD Degree in the Information Technology Field - Essay Example I am prepared to take the next step, in order to fulfill my need to better myself. A part of me wants the Ph.D. because it is the highest degree obtainable. I thought having a Masters would satisfy my need to be the best, but that was not to be. I now know that having a Ph.D. is the real pinnacle of academic success. Having a prestigious degree will take me to the next level in my professional and academic career. One of my life goals is to leave the next generation with a belief there is no substitute for hard work and education. Lifelong learning enriches our lives and the lives of those around us. There is so much to learn, but so little time to learn and share knowledge. I have been furthering my education most of my adult life. I have been working as a technologist for more than ten years. In that time I have had the pleasure of becoming acquainted with many outstanding instructors and mentors. One such mentor is a co-worker who has an uncanny capacity to not only understand complex issues but the ability to share with me the complex solutions. I credit his mentoring with teaching me that having the answers is only part of the equation. The lesson learned from this mentorship impacted the way I now interact with students in my online classes and when interacting with other IT professionals. In reflection, I would credit the way in which my partner did not judge my lack of talent, but took a genuine interest in my future success as an IT professional. Anyone else might have seen my lack of expertise as a sign of weakness and exploited me to advance their career, but his patience carried me through. The positive impact that my co-worker had on my life, allowed my IT career to flourish. This taught me a valuable lesson on what it takes to be a mentor to someone who has the potential of becoming an information technologist As a networking consultant, how I explain technology to a customer is often the difference between getting to the next  level and not getting anywhere at all.   Being an online instructor is much the same way.   Both come down to being a good mentor.  

Net Neutrality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Net Neutrality - Essay Example The ISPs do claim a right for creating a tiered Internet, which the opponents claim is discrimination and impacts negatively on the neutrality of the Internet. By creating a tiered Internet service all that the ISPs are doing is creating a differential pricing dependant on what flows through their pipes. This is akin to the US Postage Service, where there is a difference in cost of mailing a postcard and sending a heavy parcel like a bicycle. If such a tiered service was not there the cost of mailing a postcard would go up several times making it unaffordable for many. The principles of a free market call for allowing business enterprises to charge varying prices for different services, and demanding that there be legislation to make restrict this is unfair to the business enterprises involved in providing Internet Services. Demands for net neutrality are therefore unfair to the ISPs and for many of the ordinary users of the Internet. Innovation within the Internet is a requirement for its development, of not the Internet, is likely to stagnate at current levels. ISPs innovate to develop the Internet so that they can remain competitive. It is through these innovations that new features and services become available to the Internet users. Net neutrality hinders such innovation and new features, which come at a cost to the ISPs. So calling for net neutrality is tantamount to calling for the stagnation of the Internet. Preserving net neutrality lacks credibility for it will lead to extra costs for the ordinary users.

Marketing mix of Louis Vuitton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing mix of Louis Vuitton - Assignment Example He was born in France in 1821 and joined to serve the emperor in 1852. Louis was a member of working class family being his forefathers as expert carpenters, milliners and farmers. The service period which he spent with the emperor introduced him to the styles of elite and the royal clientele who enjoyed his services even after his death. The Louis Vuitton Malletier (LVM) was established in 1854 in Paris, which is now considered the world-renowned lifestyle brand dealing in luxury leather (Louis Vuitton, 2013). The success story of the brand clearly reflects that it was not a coincidence rather Louis Vuitton achieved this peak position in the business world through the use of perfect marketing strategies (Peter Finocchiaro, 2010). LVM has always been very creative in introducing new products, since the start it has been catering to the needs the customers with the supreme quality services. LVM has been successfully using the marketing mix which led the company to acquire the second p lace in the Luxury Marketer Awards of 2010. The brand has utilized the multichannel strategies which have bridged the gap between history and status of French Fashion (Peter Finocchiaro, 2010) as per the BBC News LVM has increased its sales in the first three months of 2011 by 17%. Researchers have given the credit of successful operations of LVM to its Marketing Mix (Catarina Duque, 2012). Marketing Mix After the selection of the target market the prime concern of the management is to set the principles for marketing mix which is a combination of product strategies, pricing strategies, placing strategies and promotion strategies. These all are formulated on the basis of the preferences of target market (Louis E. Boone et al., 2011). Product LV has a wide range of products including leader goods, trunks, shoes, accessories, ornaments, watches, sunglasses and books. Initially the business was started with trunks and accessories for the travelers back in 1854. At that time people used to travel mostly through sea which required sufficient accessories. But now the LV is more concentrating towards the quality of products as the customers are more selective at present. The products of LV’s maintain high prestige and value among its customers which encourage them to buy the high priced goods (Catarina Duque, 2012). Price The distribution channel of LV enables it to control its prices. The management has complete control over the brand and the variables which might affect its operations such as the market rates, suppliers, distributers, etc. The main pricing strategy revolves around the quality maintenance which automatically leads to high price and due to this the products are never available on discounts or sale. However, recently the company has come up with some cheaper products which are offered to the exclusive customers. In countries other than France, LV offers its products with two different ranges; one is for the customers who can only afford to pay and the second is for the highly lavish and fashionable customers who actually look forward to buy LV labeled products. By making these two price ranges the company is able to approach the customers and also to differentiate between them (Catarina Duque, 2012). Place The LV’s products are exclusively available at their stores only which has added importance to its value for the customers as well as for the stakeholders who remain continuously engaged with the business

Aim and objectives of different type of businesses Essay Example for Free

Aim and objectives of different type of businesses Essay When a business first starts trading it has few loyal customers and no reputation. The most likely objective for a start up business is simply survival. As the business grows and begins to win market share, the aim may shift towards expansion and increasing profits. Without aims and objectives there is no meaning to the business. The objective of both things to make business work even better than what it would normally do. An aim Where the business wants to go in the future and its goals. It is a statement purpose. Like want to grow the business in to Europe Objectives- give the business a clearly defined target. Plans can then be made to achieve these targets. This can motivate the employees. Its also enable the business to measure the progress towards its started aims The most effective business objectives meet the following criteria: Specific -clear and easy to understand. Measurable i.e. able to be quantified. Achievable possible to be reached. Realistic not pie in the sky. Time bound associated with a specific time period. An example of a SMART objective is to increase profits 10% within the next 12 months. SMART objectives allow the performance of business to be identified. Purpose- the purpose of having aim and objectives is to plan a way forward which will help them to establish the future state of works in other word, how their business will be in a few years time part of this handle is planning. So they have an uncertain concept that how they will achieve that certain goal and status in the business in few years time Another purpose of setting aims and objectives is to measure the performance, for example, how much profit they have made in the last year, so they know that they are doing better or worse than last year. They will provide information to those who are interested, which will lead to encourage them to do better. Break even- is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal. For example, if a business sells fewer than 200 tables each month, it will make a loss, if it sells more, it will be a profit. With this information, the business managers will then need to see if they expect to be able to make and sell 200 tables per month. Survival- Diversifying- diversify your business by natural progression. For instance, if you sell men’s shirts, adding ties and cufflinks to the range are an obvious next step. More radically, you extend the brand by offering a much wider range of products that will nonetheless appeal to the same customers. Alternatively, you can use the strength of brand to move into new markets. Cost cutting- here is significant ways to save money without compromise: Don’t waste time- As a small business owner, you put in a lot of hours, but time is still a limited resource. Wasting time can cut into your sales and hurt your bottom line. As a general rule, anything that you can implement to save time will also save you money in the long run. Cut Out Paper- According to research by Xerox, about 40% of office paper is discarded within 24 hours of anyone printing on it. If you add up how much you spend on printing supplies, paper, and labor, you’ll quickly see that using electronic file storage can save you loads of money. Shop Around for Insurance There are a lot of great ways to lower your insurance costs, but the most important step is to find and compare insurance policies. You should always be looking for the best rates out there, especially at renewal time. http://www.slideshare.net/tariqmehsud/nikes-presentation http://education.cambridge.org/media/576464/business_and_management_for_the_ib_diploma___ca\mbridge_education___cambridge_university_press_samples.pdf

Theories on Multinational Companies

Theories on Multinational Companies 2.1.1. Introduction In the process of studying the existence, growth and business activities of multinational companies, various theoretical approaches have been developed in the past forty years, depending on the scholars` fields of specialization, perspective and objectives. It is particularly important to distinguish economic approaches to the study of multinationals, strategic management approaches, and finally, cultural approaches to the study of multinational companies. Furthermore, the second part of the literature review will be dedicated to the study of various kinds of spillovers which multinational companies create while operating in the given country, a subject which is of particular importance for the topic of this thesis. 2.1.2. Economic Approaches to the Study of Multinational Companies When reviewing the literature on multinational companies, it is evident that economists find themselves at the forefront of the research on multinational companies. According to Cantwell (1991: 17-18), they are approaching the topic from three perspectives: microeconomic (which deals with cross-border interactions of individual firms), mesoeconomic (which deals with the cross-border interactions of firms at the industry level), and macroeconomic (dealing with the growth and trend of multinationals at national and international level). All of these categories have one thing in common: they all tend to explain the existence of international production. The economic approaches to the study of international business have been dominant in the fields of microeconomics, industrial economics and macroeconomics. These include the theory of the firm by Coase (1937, 1987), as well as internalization theory by Buckley and Casson (1976) and Rugman (1980, 1980 and 1982). Other famous theories on multinational enterprises refer to markets and hierarchies approach by Williamson (1975, 1985), furthermore, market power approach or the theory of international operations by Hymer (1960, 1976), and the approaches of industrial organization by Bain (1959), Caves (1971, 1982), Hirsch (1976), Johnson (1970) and Lall (1980a). As a starting point for his research, Ronald Coase (1937) departed from the traditional microeconomic assumption which states that economic activity is determined freely by the price mechanism and that the economic system works itself. In practice this means that suppliers respond to demand changes, and buyers respond to supply changes through the open market system, which is viewed as an automatic, responsive process. According to him, opposed to the traditional thinking that the economic system is being coordinated by the price mechanisms, Coase argues: This coordination of the various factors of production is, however, normally carried out without the intervention of the price mechanism. As is evident, the amount of vertical integration, involving as it does the supersession of the price mechanism, varies greatly from industry to industry, and from firm to firm. It can, I think, be assumed that the distinguishing mark of the firm is the supersession of the price mechanism. (Coase, 1937 in Williamson and Winter 1991:20). Furthermore, Coase (in Williamson and Winter 1991:30) suggests that at the margin, the costs of organizing within the firm will be equal either to the costs of organizing in another firm or to the costs involved in leaving the transaction to be organized by the price mechanism. Even though the theory of Coase was predominantly meant for the domestic horizon, it later served as the bases of the internalization theory. The concept of internalization has its origins in the theory of industrial relations. Bain (1959) pursues the proposition that there will be possibilities of integration by the firm (acquiring and combining with supplier firms or customer firms) which, among others, have positive economies or savings in cost. Additionally, he stresses that atomistic market structures with unrestricted competition will tend to force or make automatic efficiency increasing integration, and likewise tend to deter inefficient integration. Bain further claims that no particular type of integration will be fully forced in an oligopolistic situation, but there should be a tendency for oligopolistic firms to integrate if there are other advantages (other than costs) to the integration that will not result in inefficiency. He asserts that even inefficient integration is possible if it has offsetting advantages (Bain, 1959:168). Hirsch (1976) suggested that the optimal choice between international trade and international production is determined by the firms specific knowledge advantages and other intangible assets. Rugman (1981: 45) uses Hirsch`s model and interprets it as one that treats knowledge as an intermediate product which is internalized in the structure of multinational enterprise. These ownership advantages impose effective barriers to entry to rival firms. They enable temporary monopoly power to the company by allowing it a possibility to earn profit above the prevailing industry level. Hirsch (1976) states that the greater ownership advantages are, the more economics of production and marketing prefer foreign location and therefore foreign direct investment. Authors Buckley and Casson (1976:33) give their significant contribution to the theory of internalization based upon three presumptions: Companies maximize profit in a world of imperfect markets The imperfect nature of the markets for intermediate goods urges companies to avoid them by creating internal markets Internalization of markets across national boundaries creates multinational enterprises. The main thesis of Buckley and Casson is that attempts to improve the organization of these markets have led to a radical change in business organization, one aspect of which is the growth of MNE. Therefore, a multinational enterprise is perceived as an instrument used for raising efficiency by replacing foreign markets via exploitation of internalization advantages within the framework of transaction costs and exchange. Furthermore, they insist that an MNE is created whenever markets are internalized across national boundaries, and a market in an intermediate good will be internalized only in the situation when benefits outweigh costs. The authors stress the following: Vertical integration of production will give rise to MNEs because different stages of production require different combinations of factors and are therefore best carried out in different countries, according to factor availability and the law of comparative advantage. Moreover, there is a special reason for believing that internalization of the knowledge market will generate a high degree of multinationality among forms (Buckley and Casson 1976, 44-45). Theory of internalization has been additionally advanced by Rugman (1981:28) who pointed out that internalization is the process of making a market within a company. He suggests that company creates an internal market as a replacement for the missing regular (or external) market and in order to overcome the problems of allocation and distribution by the use of administrative fiat. Furthermore, he states that the internal prices (or transfer prices) of the firm lubricate the organization as a potential (but unrealized) regular market. In reality, the internalization theory pursued by Rugman tries to explain the reasons why a company wishes to go into international production across national boundaries. On this particular subject, Rugman (1981:29) states the following: A firm will wish to locate itself abroad to gain access to foreign markets. It will choose foreign direct investment when exporting and licensing are unreliable, inferior, or more costly options. Internalization is a device for keeping a firm specific advantage over a worldwide scale. The MNE is an organization able to monitor the use of its firm specific advantage in knowledge by establishing abroad miniature replicas of the parent firm. These foreign subsidiaries supply each foreign market and permit the MNE to segment national markets and use price discrimination to maximize worldwide profits. Internalization allows the multinational to control its affiliates and to regulate the use of the system specific advantage on a global basis. The concept of creating an internal market within a company in order to avoid relatively high transaction costs of the market system is additionally researched by Williamson (1975). In his work Markets and Hierarchies, he suggests that the economics of transaction costs and in general, new institutional economics explains why companies choose to conduct hierarchical expansion instead of conducting economic activity through the market mechanisms. Williamson states that multinational enterprises choose vertical integration or hierarchy for various reasons: in comparison to the market system, hierarchy extends boundaries on rationality by allowing the specialization of decision-making and economizing on communication expense. Furthermore, hierarchy permits additional incentives and control measures to discipline opportunism. Interdependent units are adapted to uncertainties and unexpected events more easily. Hierarchy also offers more constitutional possibilities for effective monitoring and auditing jobs, which consequently narrows down the information gap which appears in the case of autonomous agents. Finally, hierarchy provides a less calculative exchange atmosphere or environment (Williamson 1975:258). Scholars like Kay (1991) and Lee (1994) acknowledged Williamsons emphasis on asset specificity as a key environmental factor, coupled with uncertainty, which leads to hierarchy or vertical integration. Asset specificity actually represents specialization of assets with respect to use or user. It appears when one or both parties to the transaction invest in equipment, which has been designed especially to perform the transaction and has lower value when used for other purpose. Williamson (1985) states that spot markets will probably fail under the condition of asset specificity. This occurs because party making transaction-specific investments, and for whom the costs of switching partners are consequently high, will fear that one flexible party will opportunistically renegotiate the terms of trade. Asset specificity as a determinant of vertical integration is crucial in relation to given conditions of bounded rationality, opportunism and uncertainty. Asset specificity is the big locomotive to which transaction cost economies owes much of its predictive content. Its neglect is largely responsible for the monopoly preoccupation of earlier contract traditions (Williamson 1985: 54-56). One of the gurus of theory on multinational enterprises is certainly Richard Caves. Caves (1971, 1982) presumed that founding of subsidiary by a multinational enterprise amounts to entry into one national market by a going enterprise based on another geographic market. One possibility of entry is horizontal expansion, when a subsidiary produces the same type of product as the parent company. Other type of entry is vertical expansion or integration across national boundaries either backward to produce raw materials or intermediate products used in its home operations or forward to provide a distribution channel for its exports (Caves 1974a, 117). Additionally, Caves assumed that foreign direct investment appears mostly in industries characterized by certain market structures in both home or host countries. He concludes that differentiated oligopoly prevails mostly in the case when companies opt for horizontal expansion. On the other hand, oligopoly, not necessarily differentiated, in the home market is typical in industries which undertake vertical expansion across national boundaries. Direct investment tends to involve market conduct that extends the recognition of mutual market dependence the essence of oligopoly beyond national boundaries (Caves 1971:1). Additionally, in order to explain the presence of multinational companies, Caves distinguished and explained three types of multiplant companies horizontally integrated company which produces the same line of products from its plants in each geographic market, vertically integrated, which produces outputs in some of the plants that serve as inputs for other plants, and finally a diversified company whose plants outputs are neither horizontally nor vertically related to one another (Caves 1982a:2). With his theory of international operations, Hymer (1960, 1976) emphasized two major causes of international operations: exploitation of oligopolistic advantages and suspension of conflicts between companies in order to strengthen market power by means of collusion. Therefore, Hymer states the following: It frequently happens that enterprises in different countries compete with each other because they sell in the same market or because some of the firms sell to other firms. If the markets are imperfect, that is, if horizontal or bilateral monopoly or oligopoly, some form of collusion will be profitable. One form of collusion is to have the various enterprises owned and controlled by one firm. This is one motivation for firms to control enterprises in foreign countries (Hymer 1976:25). Furthermore, he states that FDI could not be explained as if it were portfolio investments that is, inter country movements of capital responding to differential rates of return on capital. If this direct investment is motivated by a desire to earn higher interest rates abroad, this practice of borrowing substantially abroad seems strange(Hymer 1976:13). Hymer emphasized that international operations type of investment does not depend on the interest rate. The direct investor is motivated by profits that are obtained from controlling the foreign enterprise, not by higher interest rates abroad (Hymer 1976: 26-30). He suggested that direct investments are the capital movements associated with the international operations of companies. According to him there are several types of motivation. The underlying motivation for controlling the foreign enterprise is to eliminate competition between that foreign enterprise and enterprises in other countries, and to form a profitable collusion among them. Another motivation is control which is desired in order to appropriate completely the returns on certain skills and abilities. The other motivation arises from the fact that a firm with advantages over other firms in production of a particular product may find it profitable to undertake the production of this product in a foreign country as well (Hymer 1976: 25-26). Another contribution which is even more fundamental made by Hymer, was to argue for the link between market failure and FDI. Hymer pioneered an oligopolistic theory of the growth of production networks across national boundaries, through collusion and exploitation of ownership advantages in a market power context, instead of a location theory context. The market power school of thought pursues that internationalization lowers the extent of competition and increases collusion among firms, in general (Cantwell 1991a:30). Due to their relative abundance of capital but scarcity of labor, traditional neo-classical economics assumes that countries which are economically developed have low profit or interest rates but high wage rates prior to international operations. Therefore, capital intensive goods go from economically developed countries to less developed labor abundant countries. There can also be a tendency for capital rich countries to export capital directly through foreign direct investment in developing countries. In the same manner, economists that belong to the Marxist school of thought, advocate the idea that there is a tendency for the rate of profit to decline in capital rich countries, due to the intensity of competition. Consequently, foreign investment in less developed or underdeveloped countries serves as an outlet for surplus capital (Cantwell in Pitelis and Sygden 1991:20). Recent historical data, however, reveal a trend which challenges stipulations of the traditional neo-classical and Marxist theories. Before 1939, imperialistic and colonial influences have been determining factors which influenced international trade and investment between hegemonic countries and developing countries. Similar trade and investment patterns prevailed in 1950s, but the trend started to change in the past few decades. In 1950, around three fifths of manufacturing exports from Europe, North America or Japan were directed to the developing countries across the world, but by 1971, only just over one third (Armstrong et al., 1984:251). Additionally, Dunning (1983b:88) acknowledged that two thirds of the worlds stock of FDI was located in developing countries in 1938. This amount has fallen to just little over a quarter by 1970s (cited by Cantwell in Pitelis Sugden 1991:20). During 1980s and 1990s significant capital mobility among developed countries overshadowed foreign direct investment in the developing countries. Mergers and acquisitions were the main trade mark of multinational production activities across the industrialized world during this period. At the time, in the developing world FDI have been characterized by joint ventures, privatization ventures and pioneering projects in the field of manufacturing and infrastructure (World Economic Forum 1997:28). During the 1990s, economically developed countries were still the most favorable destination of FDIs. However, this period has been significant since a large flow of capital invaded emerging markets, especially the ones in Asia where incentives for foreign investments have been extremely attractive. China, for instance, received $42.3 billion in 1996, which accounted for 38 percent of total FDI flows to the emerging markets in that year. Additionally, other emerging markets in Asia, such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand became increasingly significant recipients of foreign direct investment (World Economic Forum 1997:28-30). On a macroeconomic level, different approaches have been developed in order to explain cross-border activities of multinational companies. The most important ones are the following: the product cycle model by Vernon (1966), trade and direct foreign investment model of Kojima (1978), location theories of the division of labor as analysed by Buckley and Casson (1976), Casson (1979,1986), Casson et al. (1986) and Buckley (1988), investment-development cycle advanced by Dunning (1982), stages of development approach by Cantwell and Tolentino (1987) and the eclectic paradigm by Dunning (1977, 1981, 1988, 1993a, 1995a, 1995b). Product cycle model, as defined by Vernon (1966) represents a combination of a three-stage theory of innovation, growth and maturing of a new product with the RD factor theory (Kojima 1978:61). The latter theory presumes where a new product or technology is most likely to be created. In this new phase stage, design of the product is often being changed and therefore, its production is technologically unstable and the market is not enough acquainted with the product. Consequently, the sales will not grow rapidly and the demand for the product will remain price-inelastic. In this phase, research and development activities of scientists and technicians are of crucial importance for the introduction of inventions and changes in design. Theoretically, the introduction of the RD factor in the product cycle theory represents the addition of a factor of production to the conventional two-commodity, two-factor model. If this approach is accepted, it follows that one may add new factors of production one by one in a similar manner. At the growth phase which comes after the first one, sales of products increase. Mass production and bulk sales methods are introduced. At the same time, entries in the industry increase and competition grows among producers. Demand becomes price-elastic and therefore, sales of each firm become more responsive to the price. Under these circumstances, the realization of economies of scale and managerial ability of the company play important role (Kojima 1978: 62). Finally, when the mature phase is reached, the product becomes standardized and its production technologically stabile. Instead of the crucial role that is played by research and development activities or managerial abilities in the new-phase stage and growth stage, unskilled and semi-skilled labor become important. Therefore, through foreign investment production location is being directed to low-wage, developing countries. The expenses of marketing or exporting the product from these countries may be lower compared to other commodities, since the commodity is standardized. Kojima (1978) gave several comments on Vernons product cycle theory. Firstly, the theory is not founded on the principle of comparative costs. Vernon himself elaborates that his theory discusses one promising line of generalization and synthesis, which appears to have been neglected by the main stream of trade theory. It does not stress the comparative cost doctrine but instead emphasizes more the timing of innovation, the effects of scale of economies, and the roles of ignorance and uncertainty in influencing trade patterns. Secondly, this theory tries to explain the location of production of one commodity by a firm growing through monopolistic or oligopolistic behavior (Kojima 1978:63). Kojima (1978) suggested the so-called trade and deficit foreign investment theory as an alternative approach to the study of multinationals. Furthermore, he suggested that foreign direct investment should complement comparative advantage patterns in different countries. Such advantage has to originate from the comparatively disadvantaged industry of the source country, which leads to lower-cost and expanded volume of exports from the host country. Significant criticism of Kojima`s theory is the manner in which import-substituting investments are referred to as anti-trade oriented. While import-substituting investments could be considered as anti-trade oriented at the microeconomic level, they are not anti-trade oriented at the macroeconomic level. In fact, an increasing level of exports usually follows the growth of FDI from USA, Germany and Japan. There are proofs which suggest that export-oriented investments may have a less significant impact in industrial adjustment or in increasing the welfare of the host country since these investments are likely to be an enclave kind (Dunning and Cantwell 1990 as cited in Tolentino 1993:51). Rugman (1981:47) suggested his main objection with Kojima`s analysis is that it is set in the static framework of trade theory, meaning that his model requires perfect markets. It is obviously a mistake to observe technology as a homogenous product over time and to ignore the dynamic nature of the technology cycle. It is probable that the United States have a comparative advantage, not in technology itself but in the generation of new knowledge. Consequently, it is feasible for US FDI in technology to take place to secure new markets on a continuous basis, as successive stages of the technology cycle are used, firstly in domestic markets and than in foreign ones. Dunning (1982, 1986) contributed to the investment-development cycle model with his suggestion that the level of inward and outward investment of different countries, and the balance of the two, is a function of their stage of development as measured by GNP (gross national product) per capita. After threshold phase of development, outward investment increases for countries at yet higher levels of development. The balance between inward and outward investment in developed countries results in the return of their net outward investment to zero. The continued growth of their outward investment at a later phase results in a positive net outward investment (NOI). Tolentino(1993) offered empirical evidence for the period since the mid-1970s which imply that the existence of a structural change in the relationship between NOI and the countrys relative stage of development as a consequence of the general rise in the internationalization of firms from countries at lower stages of development. The growth of newer multinationals from Japan, Germany and smaller developed countries, as well as some of the richer developing economies, implies their firms` capacity to follow the earlier outward multinational expansion of the traditional source countries, the USA and the UK, at a much earlier stage of their national development. The enhanced significance of outward investments from these newer source countries enables firm evidence of the general trend towards internationalization do that the national stage development no longer becomes a good predictor of a countrys overall net outward investment position. Cantwell and Tolentino (1987) suggested the stages of development approach to the study of multinationals. They posed a hypothesis that the character and composition of outward direct investment changes as development proceeds. Additionally, the say the following: Countries` outward direct investment generally follows a developmental or evolutionary course over time which is initially predominant in resource-based or simple forms of manufacturing production which embody limited technological requirements in the earlier stages of development and then evolve towards more technologically sophisticated forms of manufacturing investments. The developmental course of the most recent outward investors from the Third World has been faster and has a distinctive technological nature compared to the more mature multinationals from Europe, USA and Japan, owing to the different stages of their national development. Dunning (1977, 1981, 1988, 1993a, 1995a, 1995b) and his eclectic paradigm tends to explain the ability and willingness of companies to serve markets across national borders. Furthermore, the eclectic paradigm attempts to elaborate why they opt for the exploitation of any available advantages through foreign production instead of using domestic production, exports or portfolio resource flows. He hypothesized that a company will go for international production or engage in foreign direct investment if it owns net ownership advantages (mostly in the form of intangible assets) vis-Ã  -vis firms of other nationalities in serving particular markets. These ownership advantages, accompanied by internalization and location possibilities, will enable a company to benefit when using or internalizing a particular foreign market itself, instead of selling, renting or leasing them to foreign companies. Location possibility in this context means locating a multinational firms production activity in a foreign country that possesses competitive advantages in terms of factor endowments. If these three conditions (ownership, location and internalization) are not present, the firm can instead serve its local market through domestic production and expand it to serve foreign markets through international trade. The bigger the ownership advantages of multinational companies, the more incentive they have to use these themselves. The more the economics of production and marketing favor a foreign location, the more they are likely to engage in foreign direct investment. The propensity of a particular country to engage in international production is then dependent of the extent to which its enterprises possess these advantages and the location attractions of its endowments compared with those offered by other countries (Dunning 1981:79). According to Dunning eclectic paradigm is perhaps, the dominant paradigm of international production. It presumes ownership specific advantages as endogenous variables, i.e. to be a determinant of foreign production. This means that the paradigm is not only involved with answering the question of why firms go for FDI, in preference to other modes of cross-border transactions. It is also concerned with why these firms possess unique resources and competencies relative to their competitors or other nationalities and why they choose to use at least some of these advantages together with portfolio of foreign-based immobile assets. This makes it different from the internalization model, which regards ownership advantages as exogenous variables (Dunning, 1993a:252). As perceived by Dunning, the eclectic paradigm is meant to capture all approaches to the study of international production. In his opinion the model represents a good starting point to discover the global explanation of MNE`s existence and growth since it synthesizes the explanations of the existence and nature of international production. Dunning states that his eclectic paradigm can give an adequate analytical framework which enables understanding of all kinds of foreign production in services. Stressing the interdependence between services and goods industries, he asserts that it makes no sense to try to develop a new paradigm to explain the transnationality of the service sector (Dunning 1993a:248-284). In his scholarly research, Dunning was assertive to find all possible explanations of the existence of multinational enterprise in his eclectic paradigm. As the years went by, he tried to expand knowledge in the framework of his eclectic paradigm by attempting to accommodate possible additional explanations to multinational production activity that come to his knowledge. As an example, for instance, he argues that the advent of collaborative alliances among multinational firms does not lead to the development of a new multinational theory. Therefore, he has incorporated alliance capitalism in his model. In his renewed version of the eclectic paradigm in the light of alliance capitalism, Dunning(1995a) considers that inter-firm alliances (with clear reference to American multinationals) in innovation-led production systems are emerging as dominant forms of market-based capitalism, and are overtaking the global influence of hierarchical capitalism. Dunning has focused on the narrow view of the value-adding activity of innovation-led capitalism, and has considered other joint ventures, not wholly owned production operations, dominate the multinational enterprise involvement in less developed countries (Vaupel and Curhan 1973). Both in theory or in practice, internalizing a foreign market and going for a joint venture alliance with a foreign partner are just two possible options that a multinational company can choose in international business activities. Therefore, alliance as a strategy can be the dependent variable, just like international production, that needs further explanations. Explanations to joint ventures overseas could also include ownership, location and internalization considerations. Border lines between the three levels of economic analysis microeconomic, mesoeconomic and macroeconomic have to be neglected in order to synthesize the various economic approaches to the research of multinationals. Modern economic explanations of cross-border production activities of multinational firms are mostly reflected in the configuration of ownership, internalization and location advantages. Dunning has integrated those three fractions under the wing of his eclectic paradigm, but his primary objective in doing so is still to find eclectic explanations to the phenomenon of international production. Despite the differences in academic specialism, perspectives and objectives of economists who pursued the study of the existence of multinational companies and made significant contributions this field, they have one thing in common: they all targeted the explanation of the phenomenon of international production activity across national boundaries. 2.1.3. Strategic Management Approa

Germany: The New Battle :: European Europe History

Germany: The New Battle Thesis: This paper will argue that Germany needs to secure itself as both the economic and political hegemon of Europe inside of the European Union; until its present condition and effectiveness in the global politics changes, instability in the European Union, as well as, basic fear of will always be present. I. Introduction II. Historical Perspective-The two negative factors A. Fear - twice in one century 1) Bismarck/Frederick II 2) Hitler B. Foolishness 1) WWI 2) WWII III. Reunification - The Key A. Economic realities 1) E. Germany's status 2) Infrastructure B. The significance of one Germany 1) Future 2) Politics IV. European Union-The means to and end A. European "check and balance system" 1) Hope for the future 2) Provisions for success B. The answer to a disturbing question 1) Can Germany be strong and peaceful? 2) France and England V. Conclusion The formation of a state can be both a beautiful and terrifying event . As a national you now have a home and place to live with people of a common culture and heritage, an identity. If you are a founder of the new state, there would be a sense of accomplishment of having achieved the fulfillment of a lifetime goal. Other states which deemed this new state as legitimate and recognized it as a self-determined equal, have created a potential ally or enemy. The downside, the premature recognition and the actual struggle for that status, usually entails conflict, loss of life, revolution and even war. A state was formed and recognized in 1871 in the center of Europe. This event has had an enormous impact since its inception. It has been both the salvation of Europe through economic depressions and hard times, as well as, the cause for two world wars and the near decimation of Europe. Its people have been back and forth between rags and riches, democracy and dictatorships, united, broken and then reunited. This state is known as Germany. Modern Germany has been reunified after almost 50 years of separation during the cold war. Once again German power and influence is on the rise. The world watches because Germany has not been able to successfully retain both total sovereignty over its territory and be an economic world power, for a substantial period of time; without plunging the world into an unavoidable conflict. The question of Germany and its position in world politics is one which has plagued statesmen since Germany's formation.

Life of Pi: Use of a Unreliable Narrator Essay

â€Å"An unreliable narrator can draw you into his or her worldview and perhaps even make you take sides before a writer reveals a broader perspective, one that he/she has missed or omitted. Even if a story is written so you doubt the narrator from the beginning, an unreliable narrator is still the one taking you through the story, so you hang on to their words. Perhaps a certain dialogue or an event will uncover details the narrator does not realize and expose that as an unreliable narrator, their word can no longer be trusted†. (Jada Bradley). In the book Life of Pi, Pi reveals himself as an unreliable narrator. Although Pi defines himself as an unpredictable narrator through the final events in the story, Pi gives hints of false information throughout the book. As a reader, you hang on to his words because he is the one taking you through the account of his epic journey. Pi in the final scene of the story after his journey across the Pacific, tells the Japanese Oceanic Authorities contradicting stories. â€Å"Pi: So, you didn`t like my story? Mr.Okamoto: No, we liked it very much. Didn’t we , Atsuro? We will remember it for a long, long time. Mr.Chiba: We will. [Silence] Mr.Okamoto: But for the purposes of our investigation, we would like to know what really happened. Pi: What really happened? Mr. Okamoto: Yes. Pi: So you want another story? Mr. Okamoto: Uhh†¦no. We would like to know what really happened.† Pi leads you to believe that he is only making up the second account to satisfy the two men`s disbelief in his first story. However, if you reexamine the book you find that the second report could actually be a true account. Now you see that there are two valid stories, and the reader must choose which story is accurate based on their own conclusions about Pi. Throughout Pi`s journey there are doubtful events that hint at his unreliability as an narrator. These incidents can influence your choice on which story you find factual, like sketchy witnesses in a crime investigation. For instance, during his voyage, Pi encounters another blind castaway who jumps on Pi`s boat to kill him but, is killed by Richard Parker. This event is extremely unrealistic, for the possibility of two blind castaways encountering each other in the world`s largest ocean is simply far-fetched. You may sense some disbelief in this occurrence yet, you still trust his word. For Pi hasn`t yet given the reader a reason to disbelieve him as the narrator. Pi`s story from the boat sinking and the loss of his family, to his terrible journey across the Pacific Ocean is a horrible tragedy. You mourn for him and his horrible situation and through this sorrow you don`t realize that he could be making this all up. Usually when you read stories you want the main character to have a happy ending. However, in Life of Pi, when you discover you can no longer trust Pi`s account, you lose your remorse for him and his predicament. Crossen states this plainly in her Wall Street Journal article on unreliable narrators, â€Å"Unfortunately, to point out that a book has an unreliable narrator is to spoil the thrill of losing your innocence.† Cheering for the main character becomes vile when you have lost trust in their word. Pi`s first account of a boy and a Bengal tiger surviving a journey across the Pacific Ocean is fantastic tale but somewhat believable. However, by the end of the novel our perception of Pi as the storyteller has been tainted. Our perspective of anyone`s account of their lives depends on our own experiences and knowledge. As David Fromkin states in The Way of the World, †Life is a story that each of us tells to his or her self; and it therefore is a tale told by an unreliable narrator.†

Animal Kingdom 54

Animal Kingdom Humans have always had an interaction with animals since the beginning of time. They hunted animals for survival, and humans were their prey. However, scientists believe that our ancient relatives â€Å"treated the animals with respect. †(Stetson). So why do we continue to consume and brutally murder, and torture animals for the means of food and clothing when there is this claim to â€Å"love† and â€Å"care for† animals? We should treat all animals with kindness and respect. We should learn to understand them and not treat them as equals.We owe it to animals to show empathy and treat them better to become better people at heart. Animals such as dogs or cats kept as pets hold strong companionships with their owners in our society. Some humans consider animals to be mindless while others don’t, but I believe that they are capable of love, emotion, and thought process. Although, animals do not speak a language we can understand we can certain ly see their intelligence. They’re capable of unconditional love and learning. Humans should have respect to our fellow non human animals.There are so many animals that serve a purpose in this life than just being a pet or for a means of food or entertainment. Dogs, for example are particularly helpful as certified service animals to help the blind. There are stories all over the nation of the selfless acts animals perform to save humans from death or accidents. Hurting poor defenseless animals is just cruel and inhumane and really says a lot about the person’s character that would actually do such a thing. The characteristics of animals are similar to those of humans.They care for their young just like human parents nurture their young. They’re capable of showing affection, happiness, and sadness. So how is that not proof of feeling? Animals have different characteristics just like those similar to humans. But they rely more on animal instinct than anything els e. We as humans rely more on logic. Animal abuse happens all over through various forms such as animal entertainment, animal testing, and hunting. These animals that are being used in the media industry, fights, circuses, and lab testing are treated poorly and these events sometimes even lead to death.What do these actions say about humans? How can we carry out these inhumane acts where animals are being hunted for their fur, tusks, and feathers? People who are associated with trading animals for consumption treat the animals most cruelly. Those individuals care more about their profits than treating animals with respect. â€Å"We know what we see on undercover videos of factory farms and slaughterhouses is wrong. (There are those who will defend a system that allows for occasional animal cruelty, but no one defends the cruelty, itself. )† (Foer 431).I don’t believe that eating meat can actually be a form of animal abuse, but â€Å"We have so internalized this behavio r-â€Å"meat†-eating-that we do not even recognize it as a choice, but rather blindly accept it as a normal and necessary way of life; â€Å"meat† consumption is ‘just the way it is. ’† (Garbato). No one should be forced to stop eating animal â€Å"meat† because it is a choice that we all have. â€Å"Food is not rational. Food is culture, habit, craving and identity. † (Foer 431). The horrific treatments of animals in factories which are later bought for consumption should have stricter regulations.Animals shouldn’t have to suffer and be tortured in so many ways for our essentials. â€Å"100 years ago, animals were considered nothing more than possessions; the properties of humans. No thought was ever given as to how the animals felt. Nothing was done to prevent the suffering of animals. † (Angelicguides). Many animals are still considered possessions, and are dying for a means of meeting the population’s needs for food, entertainment, clothing etc. There has got to be a better way to be more humane towards defenseless animals.Cruelty towards animals reflects our true character and we should strive to be more kind. We should learn from animals and experience the same peace they live in on a daily basis. â€Å"But I might learn something of mindlessness, something of the purity of living in the physical senses and the dignity of living without bias or motive. † (Dillard 351). For that reason we should treat animals with respect and kindness because they can show us the true beauty of life and I think we can learn how to become better people.

Emerging Trends †Business Analytics

The Need: The amount of data being generated globally increases by 40 percent a year, according to the McKinsey Global Institute, the consulting firm’s research arm. Gartner predicts that data will grow 800 percent over the next five years and 80 percent of the data will be unstructured. International Institute for Analytics predicts that â€Å"Big data analytics will top all other areas of growth in analytics during 2012 due to the rapid expansion of social, mobile, location and transaction-based data taken in by various industries. As the volume of enterprise data sky-rockets, an industry is growing up around using this flood of information to help companies operate more efficiently and sustainably. Companies increasingly will be deploying sophisticated software as a key component of their sustainability strategy. Mu Sigma, for example, an Indian firm providing data analytics and decision support services for global enterprise, secured a $108 million investment round led by General Atlantic. My smartphone produces a huge amount of data, my car produces ridiculous amounts of really valuable data, my house is throwing off data, everything is making data,† said Erik Swan, 47, cofounder of Splunk, a San Francisco-based start-up whose software indexes vast quantities of machine-generated data into searchable links. Companies search those links, as one searches Google, to analyze customer behavior in real time. Splunk is among a crop of enterprise software start-up companies that analyze big data and are establishing themselves in territory long controlled by giant business-technology vendors like Oracle and I. B. M. Founded in 2004, before the term â€Å"big data† had worked its way into the vocabulary of Silicon Valley, Splunk now has some 3,200 customers in more than 75 countries, including more than half the Fortune 100 companies. The Usage: Here’s an unsubstantiated anecdote: â€Å"There’s a cell service provider in Japan that collects GPS data from cell phone users. The cell provider collects the data in real time, and keeps track of which people are walking the furthest. Once a month, the cell provider gives an award to the walker who covered the greatest distance. In a way, cell phones are working like sensors to collect and analyze streaming big data. † â€Å"Imagine a consumer walking around downtown in a city, shopping. Now imagine letting a shopping service know where he is, plus maybe the kinds of goods he is looking for. As I walk, the GPS coordinates could stream to the shopping service, and it could point him to stores that match his interests. † â€Å"A lot of people know how to work with data,† observed Anand Rajaraman, â€Å"but now there is a lot more data so the kinds of things you can do with it and the way you work with it can are very different. The founder of companies which have been acquired by Amazon and Walmart, Rajaraman is now senior vice president at Walmart Global e-commerce and co-founder @WalmartLabs, and a professor at Stanford. Traditional users of large amounts of Data — retail, telecom and intelligence — are already comfortable with it. The next big set of users is in mobile-soc ial, especially incorporating geolocation. Some areas have been underserved, such as health care, which is described as the third rail because it has been too hard and too slow. But now health care is experiencing a fundamental change similar to what retail felt when customers came in armed with smart phones and had more information than sales people. Patients are starting to acquire more information and health care providers are developing more analytics. The Education: To arrive at solutions on how to perceive, derive, collate, store, sort and use data for business decisions is Data Analytics. All areas of commerce, business, economics and sciences are using data analysis to arrive at solutions. To do this there is a certain skill set that has to be created, the science of teaching this has grown into what academic institutions call Data Analytics or Business Intelligence programs. The institutions that have taken on the mantle of teaching data analytics are the management institutions with inputs from their engineering, mathematics and statistics departments creating interdisciplinary programs to acquire data mining and interpreting skills. Most management institutions are at the forefront on this learning derivative because business now believes that this skill will be critical to improving their penetration and profitability. The Education programs train students on: Data Collection and Integration Processes for Enterprise Decision Making Advanced Data Analysis Database Management Web Analytics Marketing Analytics Process Optimization Text Mining The Nomenclature of Education Programs: Masters of Science in Analytics Masters of Science in Predictive Analytics Masters of Science in Business Intelligence Masters of Science in Business Analytics Masters of Science in Data Mining Certification in Data Analytics Duration of the Program: 10 months to 18 months Statistical Methods and Models Predictive Analytics Advanced Statistics Financial Analysis Predictive Modeling Data Warehousing Data Mining Techniques Mining Genomics Data Some of the Indian Institutions that are helping students gain data analytic skills are: Institutions Indian Institute of Science http://www. mgmt. iisc. ernet. in Location Bangalore Program Name Master of Management Program Length 24 Months (Full Time) Contact Details Department of Management Studies IISC Bangalore 560 012 Phone: +91-80-2293 2567 (Office) Fax: +91-80-2360 4534 E-mail: [email  protected] iisc. ernet. in The Administrative Officer Executive Education Programmes IIM Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560 076 Phone : +91-80-26993475 /3660/ 3264 /3742 Fax : +91-80 – 26584004 / 26584050 E-mail : [email  protected] ernet. n Admissions Office Indian School of Business Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500032 Phone: +91 40 2318 7474 /7484 /7494 Fax: +91 40 2300 7099 Admissions office Address: Praxis Business School, Next to Akademia International School, Bakrahat Road, P. O. Rasapunja, Kolkata – 700104 Phone: +91 98368 77599/ +9133 24980553/4 E-mail: [email  protected] ac. in Indian Institute of Management Bangalore http://www. iimb. ernet. in Bangalore Certificate Programme on Business Analytics and Intelligence 12 Months (Part Time) Indian School of Business http://www. isb. edu/ Hyderabad Part of the MBA program Analytics Labs (only for enrolled MBA students) 12 Months (Full Time) Praxis Business School http://praxis. ac. in (Knowledge Partners PWC and ICICI) Kolkata Post Graduate Program in Business Analytics Some International Programs offering Business Analytics: 1. In 2007, North Carolina State University began offering the first graduate degree in Analytics. In just 10 months, students can earn a Master of Science in Analytics through the university’s Institute for Advanced Analytics. The degree program addresses data collection and integration, statistical methods and models and complex processes for enterprise decision making. 2. In 2010, DePaul University announced a Master of Science in Predictive Analytics (MSPA) through its Center for Data Mining and Predictive Analytics, a joint venture between the School of Computing and the School of Marketing. The DePaul program covers data mining, predictive analytics and business intelligence. 3. Northwestern University will begin its first MSPA degree program in the fall of 2011. The new MSPA degree provides core basics such as data mining concepts and applications, and extends into advanced data analysis, advanced statistics, database management, financial analysis, web analytics, predictive modeling and marketing analytics. 4. Students can earn a Master of Science in Business Intelligence (MSBI) from Saint Joseph’s University. The program offers evening classes and addresses technology integration, quantitative skills and analytics within a business context. 5. The University of Denver also offers an MSBI degree rogram through the Daniels College of Business. The program focuses on how to gather and leverage information to lead organizations and guide decisions. The cross-functional coursework covers data warehousing, marketing, finance and operations and incorporates real project work. 6. The University of Tennessee Knoxville offers a Master of Science in Business Analytics through the College of Business Administration. The program provides students with an understanding of business and helps them learn the analytical skills needed to solve business problems. Students can choose one of three areas of concentration: Applied Statistics, Process Optimization or Business Intelligence. 7. Since 2003, Central Connecticut State University has offered a Master of Science in Data Mining degree. The program helps students master the cross-industry standard process for data mining, become proficient with leading data mining software, and to understand and apply a wide variety of mathematical and statistical techniques. It also introduces students to the latest data mining techniques and applications such as text mining and mining genomics data. Student Educational Backgrounds: Any student comfortable with Mathematics and Statistics can opt for these programs. Companies In India hiring for Analytics: Target, Dell, IBM, HP (analytics), Citi, ICICI, PWC, Accenture, etc.